Overview

Keywords can be subdivided into functions, which return a value, and commands, which do not. In practice you use functions and commands together, often using functions as if they were commands, ignoring the values they return.

This chapter lists all the keywords, grouped according to their purpose. Use this chapter if you know what you'd like to do, but not which function or command will do it.

The chapter which follows this one lists the keywords alphabetically, with explanations and full specifications.

Loops, branches, jumps

Repeat a set of instructions				DO...UNTIL
							WHILE...ENDW

Do either one set of instructions or another set, or 	IF...ENDIF
another, or another..

Go...
...to a specified label					GOTO
...to one of a list of labels				VECTOR/ENDV
...to the end/start of a repeating set of instructions	BREAK, CONTINUE
...back to the calling procedure			RETURN

End the program						STOP


Error handling
 


Raise an error						RAISE

Put an explanatory comment in your program		REM

Declare an error-handler				ONERR

Let the program continue after an error			TRAP

After an error, find out what the error was		ERR, ERR$ 

Screen and keyboard control


Display a string to be edited and get a value from the 	EDIT
keyboard

Get a value from the keyboard				INPUT

Display text, numbers etc.				PRINT

Set screen update method				gUPDATE

Pause... 
...for a number of seconds				PAUSE

...until a key is pressed				GET, GET$

Position or hide the cursor 				AT, CURSOR

Clear the text window					CLS 

Sound the buzzer					BEEP

Set the size/position of the text window		SCREEN

Get information on the text window			SCREENINFO

Set text window font and style				FONT, STYLE

Find out which key was pressed, if any			KEY, KEY$, GET, GET$

Find out what combination of modifiers was pressed	KMOD

Disable/enable stopping from a running program		ESCAPE Off/On

Turn the Series 3a off					OFF 


Files

General file management
 

Copy a file						COPY

Delete or rename a file					DELETE, RENAME

Check to see if a certain file exists			EXIST

Find out what files there are				DIR$


OPL procedures and modules
 

Set up a procedure cache				CACHE

Load an OPL module file so you can use the		LOADM
procedures in it

Remove a module from memory				UNLOADM

Data files
 

Create a new data file					CREATE

OPEN or CLOSE a data file				OPEN, OPENR, CLOSE

Use a different data file that has been opened 		USE

Copy a data file, optionally appending to another data	COMPRESS
file, and removing deleted records

Once a data file has been OPENed, you can:

Make a new record					APPEND

Change a record						UPDATE

Search for those records which contain a certain string	FIND, FINDFIELD

Erase a record						ERASE

Move to a different record				{FIRST, LAST, NEXT,
							{BACK, POSITION

Count the records					COUNT

Find whether you're at the end of the file yet		EOF

Find the current record number				POS

Find the number of bytes used by the current record	RECSIZE

Managing directories
 

Create directory					MKDIR

Set current directory					SETPATH

Remove directory					RMDIR

Memory

Declare variables

GLOBAL, LOCAL

Find how much free memory there is on a device

SPACE

Printing

Specify a device or file to print to			LOPEN

Close the print device or file opened with LOPEN	LCLOSE

Print to a device or file				LPRINT

Numbers

Trigonometry
 

Trig functions						{COS, SIN, TAN,
							{ACOS, ASIN, ATAN

Convert between degrees and radians			RAD, DEG

Other functions
 

Raise e to a power					EXP

Logarithms						LN, LOG

Pi as a constant					PI

Square root						SQR

Use random numbers					RND, RANDOMIZE

Unsigned integer/pointer arithmetic			UADD, USUB

Lists of numbers
 

Find the greatest or smallest value in the list		MAX, MIN

Average the list					MEAN

Add up the list						SUM

Find the standard deviation or variance			STD, VAR

Changing the format of numbers
 

Knock the minus sign off a number			ABS, IABS

Take whole number, removing any fractional part		INT, INTF

Convert...
...an integer into floating-point			FLT
...an integer into a hexadecimal string			HEX$
...a number into a string				{FIX$, GEN$
							{SCI$, NUM$
...a string into a number				EVAL, VAL 

Strings


Copy characters from a string				LEFT$, MID$, RIGHT$

Repeat a string						REPT$

Make a string upper or lower case			LOWER$, UPPER$

Find out...
...how long a string is					LEN
...the character code of the first char of a string	ASC

...where a certain string is within a string		LOC


Convert...
... a string of digits to a number			VAL
...a number to a string					{FIX$, GEN$
							{SCI$, NUM$
Get the character with a certain character code		CHR$

Date and time

Find out the current date and time...
...as a string						DATIM$
...just the current time				{SECOND,
							{MINUTE, HOUR
...just the current date				DAY, MONTH, YEAR

Find out...
...the number of days between two dates			DAYS
...what day of the week, or what week number,
   a certain date falls in				DOW, WEEK

Express...
...1-12 as the name of a month				MONTH$

...1-7 as a day of the week				DAYNAME$

Convert between time formats				{DATETOSECS
							{SECSTODATE

Graphics

Drawing commands
 

Set current position					gAT, gMOVE

Draw a line						gLINEBY, gLINETO

Draw a sequence of lines				gPOLY

Draw a rectangle					{gBOX, gBORDER
							{gXBORDER

Fill a rectangle					gFILL

Invert a rectangle					gINVERT

Scroll a rectangle					gSCROLL

Get current position					gX, gY

Display a running clock					gCLOCK

Draw a 3-D button (key)					gBUTTON

Draw a lozenge						gDRAWOBJECT

Displaying graphics text
 

Display a list of expressions				gPRINT

Display text in a cleared box				gPRINTB

Display text neatly clipped				gPRINTCLIP

Find width required by text				gTWIDTH

Display text underlined/highlighted			gXPRINT 

Setting styles
 

Set font to use						gFONT

Set to user-defined fonts				{gLOADFONT
							{gUNLOADFONT

Set graphics to set / clear / invert points		gGMODE

Set text to set / clear / invert / replace points	gTMODE

Set text to bold / underline / inverse / double / 	gSTYLE
mono / italic


Windows and bitmaps
 

Create a new window					gCREATE

Set position and/or size of a window			gSETWIN

Set order to show windows				gORDER

Get order of a window					gRANK

Set window visible / invisible				gVISIBLE

Get screen position of a window				{gORIGINX
							{gORIGINY

Create a bitmap						gCREATEBIT

Load a bitmap from file					gLOADBIT

Clear a window / bitmap					gCLS

Save window / bitmap to bitmap file			gSAVEBIT

Close down a window / bitmap				gCLOSE

Set which window / bitmap to use			gUSE

Set grey on/off in a window				{gGREY
							{DEFAULTWIN

Fill an area with repetitions of another window/bitmap	{gPATT

Copy an area from one window/bitmap to another		gCOPY

Read data back from a window / bitmap			gPEEKLINE

Get ID number of a window / bitmap			gIDENTITY

Get size of a window / bitmap				gWIDTH, gHEIGHT

Get status information about a window/bitmap and 
about the cursor					gINFO

Sprites
 

Create a sprite						CREATESPRITE

Define bitmap-sets for a sprite				{APPENDSPRITE
							{CHANGESPRITE

Draw a sprite						DRAWSPRITE

Set a sprite's position					POSSPRITE

Set which sprite to use					USESPRITE

Close a sprite						CLOSESPRITE


Menus


Start a new set of menus				mINIT

Define a menu						mCARD

Display menus						MENU

Dialogs

Start a new dialog					dINIT

Position a dialog					dPOSITION

Define text for a dialog				dTEXT

Define an edit box for a dialog				dEDIT

Define a secret edit box for a dialog			dXINPUT

Define a filename edit box for a dialog			dFILE

Define a choice list for a dialog			dCHOICE

Define a numeric edit box for a dialog			dFLOAT, dLONG

Define a date/time edit box for a dialog		dDATE, dTIME

Define exit keys for a dialog				dBUTTONS

Display a dialog					DIALOG

Display a simple "alert" dialog				ALERT 

Status Window

Display/hide status window				STATUSWIN

Get status window information				STATWININFO

Set a program's name					SETNAME

Initialise a  list				DIAMINIT

Position  on a  list			DIAMPOS

Screen messages

Display information messages				GIPRINT

Display `busy' messages					BUSY

Advanced use

Run machine code					USR, USR$

Find out where a certain variable is in memory		ADDR

Store a value in a specific place in memory		POKE commands

Find out the value stored at a certain place in memory	PEEK commands

Open any type of file					IOOPEN

Read from a file opened with IOOPEN			IOREAD

Write to a file opened with IOOPEN			IOWRITE

Close a file opened with IOOPEN				IOCLOSE

Position within a file opened with IOOPEN		IOSEEK


Keywords which provide low-level access to the Series 3a

Call an operating system service			CALL, OS

Perform an aysnchronous I/O function			IOA, IOC

Cancel an aysnchronous I/O function			IOCANCEL

Wait for completion of a function performed by IOA	{IOWAIT
or IOC							{IOWAITSTAT

Signal completion of an I/O function			IOSIGNAL

Ensure an asynchronous handler runs			IOYIELD

Perform a synchronous I/O function			IOW

Perfom an asynchronous keyboard read			KEYA

Cancel a KEYA						KEYC

Get command line information				CMD$, GETCMD$

Parse a full file specification				PARSE$

Check for system events					{GETEVENT
							{TESTEVENT

Mark an OPA as locked or unlocked			LOCK

Get system-level info on data files			ODBINFO

Load/link a DYL						LOADLIB, LINKLIB

Unload a DYL						UNLOADLIB

Find category handles					FINDLIB, GETLIBH

Create new objects					NEWOBJ, NEWOBJH

Send a message to an object				{SEND, ENTERSEND
							{ENTERSEND0

Allocate a heap cell					ALLOC

Free an allocated cell					FREEALLOC

Change size of allocated cell				REALLOC

Insert or delete section of cell			ADJUSTALLOC

Find length of allocated cell				LENALLOC

Remove returned procedures from a cache			CACHETIDY

Read cache index header					CACHEHDR

Read cache index record					CACHEREC

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